Part C 04

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MP3 – Youtube

Answer

B – they are tailored to the requirements of the patient
A – treatment course for a specific condition can be mentioned
C – it can ensure appropriate treatment
C – since the condition is a sum total of disease
C – ascertain the treatment type required
A – the tests will take more time to be available

問題の解説（作成中）

Transcript

Facilitator:	Breast cancer is not one single disease, but actually 10 distinct types of tumor dependent upon a woman’s genetic makeup. That is the finding of the largest ever study of breast cancer tissue and could provide more targeted treatment. Our science editor, Tom Clarke, is here to tell us more. Tom, it sounds dramatic. 10 different diseases, effectively.
Tom Clarke :	This study is one of the most powerful in recent years to illustrate what new genetic technologies are allowing scientists to do in sort of redefining how they understand disease. And it’s a big step towards this idea of tailoring disease treatment to the individual. This idea of personalized medicine in this case for breast cancer. Nowadays…, today, at diagnosis, how serious a breast tumor is is largely judged based on how well tests…, how it responds to tests for the two particular breast cancer drugs that are available to treat the disease. And this study turns all that on its head. It looked at 2,000 tumors from women in the UK and in Canada is the largest study of its kind. And what it found by looking at thousands of genetic mutations within those tumors is that, yes, breast cancer isn’t one disease, but it falls into 10 very discrete genetic groups, and which genetic family the breast cancer belongs to has a strong bearing on how serious that you might be and how well it responds to treatment. For example, one class that they’ve.. they’ve identified, which, according to current tests, would be grouped as quite difficult to treat. In fact it only has about a 10% mortality rate after 10 years, not such a severe type of cancer. Conversely, another group that they’ve identified, which would have a fairly positive treatment profile based on current tests, in fact, has 60% mortality after 10 years. A really nasty type of tumor. More interestingly, another new class that seems to belong to this very lucky group of women whose immune system gets involved and fights their cancer for them. A particular interest to scientists. And as the report’s author told us earlier, this should ensure in future that women get the right treatment for their disease.
Speaker:	If it’s stand-diseases, it means that they will require different diagnostic procedures, they will be associated with different clinical outcomes and they will require different treatments. And so it’s a big step forward in terms of how we manage women with breast cancer and how we need to not think of it as one or two or three diseases, but a much more complex entity that will require therefore, more tailored treatment.
Facilitator:	More tailored, so less mastectomy, more mastectomy, less tamoxifen. How is it going…
Tom Clarke ::	To dictate how a doctor the tools the doctor has in his armory to treat cancer, but it will prevent, for example, it will help identify those women who’ve got a particularly nasty type of tumor, make sure they get the right kind of treatment early on, possibly the more radical types of treatment, but it could also, on the other hand, and just as importantly spare some women very toxic, very expensive chemotherapy that their tumor might not necessarily need. I should point out that they’ve identified these 10 groups – it doesn’t mean these tests will be available tomorrow. They’ve got to do clinical trials to prove that what they’ve seen in this study translates into the hospital environment. But Cancer Research UK, which funded the work and now immediately they’re gonna start funding trials to look into this. So there’s a chance that women who are newly diagnosed with breast cancer will be able to enroll in those studies. I just mention one more thing: looking at all these…you asked about new tools in the armory. And women by looking at so many genes in this study, they’ve identified some quite promising new targets for those… for companies to look at, to develop new medicines for treating breast cancer.