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Curriculum

  • 6 Sections
  • 44 Lessons
  • 4 Weeks
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  • はじめに
    2
    • 1.1
      発音の勉強方法
    • 1.2
      発音記号は学ぶべきか
  • 英語の発音 - 理論編
    9
    • 2.1
      英語が聞き取れない7つの原因
    • 2.2
      強勢拍子を理解する
    • 2.3
      強勢が置かれる位置
    • 2.4
      強勢が置かれない音節
    • 2.5
      文強勢によって音が変わる語 ①
    • 2.6
      文強勢によって音が変わる語 ②
    • 2.7
      英語と日本語の「音節構造」
    • 2.8
      英語のイントネーション
    • 2.9
      提出課題 ①
  • 英語の発音 - 基礎編
    5
    • 3.1
      発音基礎01. 英語の母音
      10 Minutes
    • 3.2
      発音基礎02. 日本人が苦手な子音①
    • 3.3
      発音基礎03. 日本人が苦手な子音②
    • 3.4
      発音基礎04. 日本人が苦手な子音③
    • 3.5
      提出課題 ②
  • 英語の発音 - 応用編
    10
    • 4.1
      発音応用01. 語頭の子音連続 [ s + 子音]
    • 4.2
      発音応用02. 語頭の子音連続 [ 破裂音 + r, l ]
    • 4.3
      発音応用03. 語頭の子音連続 [ 摩擦音 + r, l ]
    • 4.4
      発音応用04. 語頭の子音連続 [ s + 無声音(p, t, k)+ r, l ]
    • 4.5
      発音応用05. 語末の音声変化 [ 摩擦音 + 母音 ]
    • 4.6
      発音応用06. 語末の音声変化 [ 破裂音 + 母音 ]
    • 4.7
      発音応用07. 語末の音声変化 [子音 + 子音]
    • 4.8
      発音応用08. 音声変化 [t, d, s, z] + [j]
    • 4.9
      発音応用09. 音声変化 「ラ行」
    • 4.10
      発音応用10. 音声変化 「機能語」
  • 英語の発音 - 番外編
    2
    • 5.1
      発音番外編01. イギリス英語の特徴
    • 5.2
      発音番外編02. オーストラリア英語の特徴
  • 英語の発音 - フォニックス
    16
    • 6.1
      英語の発音記号一覧
    • 6.2
      子音01. [ s ] と [ z ] の発音
    • 6.3
      子音02. [ s ] と [ ʃ ] の発音
    • 6.4
      子音03. [ s ] と [ θ ] の発音
    • 6.5
      子音04. [ z ] と [ ð ] の発音
    • 6.6
      子音05. [ r ] と [ l ] の発音
    • 6.7
      子音06. [ p ] と [ b ] の発音
    • 6.8
      子音07. [ b ] と [ v ] の発音
    • 6.9
      子音08. [ t ] と [ d ] の発音
    • 6.10
      子音09. [ w ] の発音
    • 6.11
      母音02. [ æ ] の発音
    • 6.12
      母音03. [ ə ] の発音
    • 6.13
      母音04. [ ɑ: ] の発音
    • 6.14
      母音05. [ e ] の発音
    • 6.15
      母音06. [ ɪ ] の発音
    • 6.16
      母音07. [ ʊ ] の発音

TOEFL Listening Practice: Lecture13

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  • TOEFL Listening Practice: Lecture13

MP3 SoundCloud

SOLO ENGLISH · TOEFL Listening Practice – Lecture13

Answer

  1. C
  2. D
  3. A
  4. B
  5. C
  6. A

Transcript

Professor: Okay! Today we are going to take a look at blue jeans. Blue jeans, first invented by Strauss and Jacob Davis in 1873, came into prominence amongst teenagers in the 1950s. Since then, blue jeans have become a constant in almost every wardrobe around the world. Blue jeans are famous probably because of their faded and worn look. But have you ever wondered how blue jeans get this special “look”?

Well ..in approximately the 1950s, a textile manufacturing technique was invented to gives jeans this faded look. this technique is now known as stone-washing. It involved washing the jeans with rough pumice stones in a rotating drum. So because blue jeans were originally made of denim, which is a sturdy cotton textile. the rough pumice stones could scrape a layer off the denim, thus producing a faded- worn appearance.

Because this look was so effective, the stone-washing technique was immensely popular. However, the expanding cost of importing pumice stone from abroad led to extensive mining of pumice deposits in the United States. This triggered a negative response from American ecologist groups. On top of that, stone washing is detrimental to the fabric, consequently reducing the lifespan of the blue jeans themselves.

Then in the 1980s, a different technique called acid-washing was introduced. Like stone-washing, acid-washing used pumice stones, but chlorine was added in the process. With chlorine, the denim is bleached white. The end result of acid-washing is still faded jeans, however, the acid-washed jeans have white streaks or spots where the dye faded.
Both stone-washed and acid-washed jeans were popular in the 1980s. Today, as a result of advancing biotechnology, industries no longer need to use stones to fade jeans. These stone washing techniques have been replaced by a process called “biostoning.”

Biostoning produces the similar desired effects of the stone-washed and acid-washed techniques, but utilizes enzyme. The enzyme used in this process is called cellulase. You see, cellulose is a main component of cotton. Because the enzyme cellulase breaks down cellulose, the cotton in the jeans is affected. This process occurs when the cellulase binds to the cellulose on the cotton fibers and breaks the molecular bonds between them. Thus the dye particles are released from the surface of the jeans, producing this “faded” effect.

Even though this biostoning technique is much more effective and less time-consuming than the other two techniques mentioned, some manufacturers still produce blue jeans using the stone-washing technique. This is because there are a number of customers who prefer their jeans to have a worn ‘stonewash’ appearance. I guess it has a bit of old-fashion style. Stonewash jeans have now become a world-wide leisure and fashion item.

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