【タスク1】棒グラフ・折れ線グラフ対策

棒グラフ・折れ線グラフを対策する上で重要な表現は、

1. 「数値の変化」を示す表現
2. 「変化の程度」を示す表現
3. 「数・量」を示す表現

の3種類です。（基礎的な比較表現を含む）

実際に役に立つ表現をそれぞれ学んでいきましょう。

1) 数値の変化を表す表現

グラフ問題を対策する上で必須表現が、数値の変動を表す語彙です。

以下に変化のイメージと、該当する語彙をまとめたので参考にしてください：

「増加・上昇」を表す表現

数値の上昇を表すためには、上記の動詞を用いるのが一般的です。

また、これらを名詞に置き換えて表現することで語彙力や文法力の高さを示すことができます。

• GM car sales increased from 1980 to 2010.
• There was an increase in GM car sales from 1980 to 2010.

「減少・下降」を表す表現

数値の上昇を表す語彙と同様に、名詞に置き換えることで同じ語彙の繰り返しを防ぐことができます。

• GM car sales decreased from 1980 to 2010.
• There was a decrease in GM car sales from 1980 to 2010.

「変化なし・一定」を表す表現

数値の変動がない場合は、remain stableなど2つの語を組み合わせることで意味を再現することができます。

• GM car sales remained stable from 1980 to 2010.
• There was a period of stability in GM car sales from 1980 to 2010.

「変動」を表す表現

数値の変動がない場合は、remain stableなど2つの語を組み合わせることで意味を再現することができます。

• GM car sales fluctuated between 1980 and 2010.
• There were fluctuations in GM car sales from 1980 to 2010, ranging between 20 million dollars and 80 million dollars.

2) 程度を表す語彙

上記で紹介した変化を表す語彙はそのまま使用されるのではなく、その変化の程度を表す語彙と一緒に使用することでより正確に情報を描写することができるようになります。

以下に程度を表す副詞と形容詞をまとめたので、必ず覚えておきましょう：

大きな変化	dramatically (dramatic), significantly (significant), considerably (considerable), enormously (enormous), etc…
急激な変化	sharply (sharp), steeply (steep), rapidly (rapid), etc…
徐々な変化	moderately（moderate）, gradually (gradual), steadily, etc…
わずかな変化	slightly (slight), minimally (minimal),etc…

特にグラフ全体の傾向を描写する導入パラグラフでは、数値の変動を視覚的に伝えるために上記の語彙を使用することが多いです：

• while the numbers of people who use the car and train increase gradually, the number of bus users falls steadily.

3) 数・量・割合を表す表現

最後にグラフ問題を描写する上で重要なのが、数や量を表す表現です。これらも必ず覚えておきましょう：

…..の数	the number of …
…..の量	the amount of …
…..の割合	the percentage of …, the proportion of …,
その他の表現	the figure for …

実際に上記の語彙を用いて、サンプル問題の数値を描写してみましょう：

• By 2030, the number of people who commute by car is expected to reach almost 9million, and the figure for train users is also predicted to rise, to nearly 5 million.

サンプル問題と回答

これまで覚えた内容を参考にしながら、以下のサンプル問題を解いてみましょう。

• The graph below shows the average number of UK commuters traveling each day by car, bus, or train between 1970 and 2030.
• Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
• Write at least 150 words.

• The line graph compares figures for daily travel by workers in the UK using three different forms of transport over a period of 60 years.
• It is clear that the car is by far the most popular means of transport for UKcommuters throughout the period shown. Also, while the numbers of people who use the car and train increase gradually, the number of bus users falls steadily.
• In 1970, around 5 million UK commuters traveled by car on a daily basis, while the bus and train were used by about 4 million and 2 million people respectively. In the year 2000, the number of those driving to work rose to 7 million and the number of commuting rail passengers reached 3 million. However, there was a small drop of approximately 0.5 million in the number of bus users.
• By 2030, the number of people who commute by car is expected to reach almost 9million, and the number of train users is also predicted to rise, to nearly 5 million. By contrast, buses are predicted to become a less popular choice, with only 3 million daily users

練習問題

以下の視覚資料を、上記で紹介した語彙を用いて表現してみましょう。

• サンプル回答：
• GM car sales increased gradually to $2,000 in 1980, and then it continued its upward trend in the next forty years to reach a peak of $100,000 in 2010.

• サンプル回答：
• There was a sharp increase in GM car sales between 1960 and 1990 until it reached a high of almost$100,000; however, sales began to decrease swiftly to under $60,000 in 2010.

• サンプル回答：
• There were mild fluctuations in the number of the ABC radio station from 1970 to 2010, ranging between 10 and 35 thousand listeners; however, the figures saw a partial growth over the next twenty years, reaching almost 45 thousand people.